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diff --git a/src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferModifiedRangeList.cs b/src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferModifiedRangeList.cs
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+using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Pools;
+using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
+{
+ /// <summary>
+ /// A range within a buffer that has been modified by the GPU.
+ /// </summary>
+ class BufferModifiedRange : IRange
+ {
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Start address of the range in guest memory.
+ /// </summary>
+ public ulong Address { get; }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Size of the range in bytes.
+ /// </summary>
+ public ulong Size { get; }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// End address of the range in guest memory.
+ /// </summary>
+ public ulong EndAddress => Address + Size;
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// The GPU sync number at the time of the last modification.
+ /// </summary>
+ public ulong SyncNumber { get; internal set; }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// The range list that originally owned this range.
+ /// </summary>
+ public BufferModifiedRangeList Parent { get; internal set; }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Creates a new instance of a modified range.
+ /// </summary>
+ /// <param name="address">Start address of the range</param>
+ /// <param name="size">Size of the range in bytes</param>
+ /// <param name="syncNumber">The GPU sync number at the time of creation</param>
+ /// <param name="parent">The range list that owns this range</param>
+ public BufferModifiedRange(ulong address, ulong size, ulong syncNumber, BufferModifiedRangeList parent)
+ {
+ Address = address;
+ Size = size;
+ SyncNumber = syncNumber;
+ Parent = parent;
+ }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Checks if a given range overlaps with the modified range.
+ /// </summary>
+ /// <param name="address">Start address of the range</param>
+ /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
+ /// <returns>True if the range overlaps, false otherwise</returns>
+ public bool OverlapsWith(ulong address, ulong size)
+ {
+ return Address < address + size && address < EndAddress;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// A structure used to track GPU modified ranges within a buffer.
+ /// </summary>
+ class BufferModifiedRangeList : RangeList<BufferModifiedRange>
+ {
+ private const int BackingInitialSize = 8;
+
+ private GpuContext _context;
+ private Buffer _parent;
+ private Action<ulong, ulong> _flushAction;
+
+ private List<BufferMigration> _sources;
+ private BufferMigration _migrationTarget;
+
+ private object _lock = new object();
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Whether the modified range list has any entries or not.
+ /// </summary>
+ public bool HasRanges
+ {
+ get
+ {
+ lock (_lock)
+ {
+ return Count > 0;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Creates a new instance of a modified range list.
+ /// </summary>
+ /// <param name="context">GPU context that the buffer range list belongs to</param>
+ /// <param name="parent">The parent buffer that owns this range list</param>
+ /// <param name="flushAction">The flush action for the parent buffer</param>
+ public BufferModifiedRangeList(GpuContext context, Buffer parent, Action<ulong, ulong> flushAction) : base(BackingInitialSize)
+ {
+ _context = context;
+ _parent = parent;
+ _flushAction = flushAction;
+ }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Given an input range, calls the given action with sub-ranges which exclude any of the modified regions.
+ /// </summary>
+ /// <param name="address">Start address of the query range</param>
+ /// <param name="size">Size of the query range in bytes</param>
+ /// <param name="action">Action to perform for each remaining sub-range of the input range</param>
+ public void ExcludeModifiedRegions(ulong address, ulong size, Action<ulong, ulong> action)
+ {
+ lock (_lock)
+ {
+ // Slices a given region using the modified regions in the list. Calls the action for the new slices.
+ ref var overlaps = ref ThreadStaticArray<BufferModifiedRange>.Get();
+
+ int count = FindOverlapsNonOverlapping(address, size, ref overlaps);
+
+ for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+ {
+ BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i];
+
+ if (overlap.Address > address)
+ {
+ // The start of the remaining region is uncovered by this overlap. Call the action for it.
+ action(address, overlap.Address - address);
+ }
+
+ // Remaining region is after this overlap.
+ size -= overlap.EndAddress - address;
+ address = overlap.EndAddress;
+ }
+
+ if ((long)size > 0)
+ {
+ // If there is any region left after removing the overlaps, signal it.
+ action(address, size);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Signal that a region of the buffer has been modified, and add the new region to the range list.
+ /// Any overlapping ranges will be (partially) removed.
+ /// </summary>
+ /// <param name="address">Start address of the modified region</param>
+ /// <param name="size">Size of the modified region in bytes</param>
+ public void SignalModified(ulong address, ulong size)
+ {
+ // Must lock, as this can affect flushes from the background thread.
+ lock (_lock)
+ {
+ // We may overlap with some existing modified regions. They must be cut into by the new entry.
+ ref var overlaps = ref ThreadStaticArray<BufferModifiedRange>.Get();
+
+ int count = FindOverlapsNonOverlapping(address, size, ref overlaps);
+
+ ulong endAddress = address + size;
+ ulong syncNumber = _context.SyncNumber;
+
+ for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+ {
+ // The overlaps must be removed or split.
+
+ BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i];
+
+ if (overlap.Address == address && overlap.Size == size)
+ {
+ // Region already exists. Just update the existing sync number.
+ overlap.SyncNumber = syncNumber;
+ overlap.Parent = this;
+
+ return;
+ }
+
+ Remove(overlap);
+
+ if (overlap.Address < address && overlap.EndAddress > address)
+ {
+ // A split item must be created behind this overlap.
+
+ Add(new BufferModifiedRange(overlap.Address, address - overlap.Address, overlap.SyncNumber, overlap.Parent));
+ }
+
+ if (overlap.Address < endAddress && overlap.EndAddress > endAddress)
+ {
+ // A split item must be created after this overlap.
+
+ Add(new BufferModifiedRange(endAddress, overlap.EndAddress - endAddress, overlap.SyncNumber, overlap.Parent));
+ }
+ }
+
+ Add(new BufferModifiedRange(address, size, syncNumber, this));
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Gets modified ranges within the specified region, and then fires the given action for each range individually.
+ /// </summary>
+ /// <param name="address">Start address to query</param>
+ /// <param name="size">Size to query</param>
+ /// <param name="rangeAction">The action to call for each modified range</param>
+ public void GetRanges(ulong address, ulong size, Action<ulong, ulong> rangeAction)
+ {
+ int count = 0;
+
+ ref var overlaps = ref ThreadStaticArray<BufferModifiedRange>.Get();
+
+ // Range list must be consistent for this operation.
+ lock (_lock)
+ {
+ count = FindOverlapsNonOverlapping(address, size, ref overlaps);
+ }
+
+ for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+ {
+ BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i];
+ rangeAction(overlap.Address, overlap.Size);
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Queries if a range exists within the specified region.
+ /// </summary>
+ /// <param name="address">Start address to query</param>
+ /// <param name="size">Size to query</param>
+ /// <returns>True if a range exists in the specified region, false otherwise</returns>
+ public bool HasRange(ulong address, ulong size)
+ {
+ // Range list must be consistent for this operation.
+ lock (_lock)
+ {
+ return FindOverlapsNonOverlapping(address, size, ref ThreadStaticArray<BufferModifiedRange>.Get()) > 0;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Performs the given range action, or one from a migration that overlaps and has not synced yet.
+ /// </summary>
+ /// <param name="offset">The offset to pass to the action</param>
+ /// <param name="size">The size to pass to the action</param>
+ /// <param name="syncNumber">The sync number that has been reached</param>
+ /// <param name="parent">The modified range list that originally owned this range</param>
+ /// <param name="rangeAction">The action to perform</param>
+ public void RangeActionWithMigration(ulong offset, ulong size, ulong syncNumber, BufferModifiedRangeList parent, Action<ulong, ulong> rangeAction)
+ {
+ bool firstSource = true;
+
+ if (parent != this)
+ {
+ lock (_lock)
+ {
+ if (_sources != null)
+ {
+ foreach (BufferMigration source in _sources)
+ {
+ if (source.Overlaps(offset, size, syncNumber))
+ {
+ if (firstSource && !source.FullyMatches(offset, size))
+ {
+ // Perform this buffer's action first. The migrations will run after.
+ rangeAction(offset, size);
+ }
+
+ source.RangeActionWithMigration(offset, size, syncNumber, parent);
+
+ firstSource = false;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (firstSource)
+ {
+ // No overlapping migrations, or they are not meant for this range, flush the data using the given action.
+ rangeAction(offset, size);
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Removes modified ranges ready by the sync number from the list, and flushes their buffer data within a given address range.
+ /// </summary>
+ /// <param name="overlaps">Overlapping ranges to check</param>
+ /// <param name="rangeCount">Number of overlapping ranges</param>
+ /// <param name="highestDiff">The highest difference between an overlapping range's sync number and the current one</param>
+ /// <param name="currentSync">The current sync number</param>
+ /// <param name="address">The start address of the flush range</param>
+ /// <param name="endAddress">The end address of the flush range</param>
+ private void RemoveRangesAndFlush(
+ BufferModifiedRange[] overlaps,
+ int rangeCount,
+ long highestDiff,
+ ulong currentSync,
+ ulong address,
+ ulong endAddress)
+ {
+ lock (_lock)
+ {
+ if (_migrationTarget == null)
+ {
+ ulong waitSync = currentSync + (ulong)highestDiff;
+
+ for (int i = 0; i < rangeCount; i++)
+ {
+ BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i];
+
+ long diff = (long)(overlap.SyncNumber - currentSync);
+
+ if (diff <= highestDiff)
+ {
+ ulong clampAddress = Math.Max(address, overlap.Address);
+ ulong clampEnd = Math.Min(endAddress, overlap.EndAddress);
+
+ ClearPart(overlap, clampAddress, clampEnd);
+
+ RangeActionWithMigration(clampAddress, clampEnd - clampAddress, waitSync, overlap.Parent, _flushAction);
+ }
+ }
+
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+
+ // There is a migration target to call instead. This can't be changed after set so accessing it outside the lock is fine.
+
+ _migrationTarget.Destination.RemoveRangesAndFlush(overlaps, rangeCount, highestDiff, currentSync, address, endAddress);
+ }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Gets modified ranges within the specified region, waits on ones from a previous sync number,
+ /// and then fires the flush action for each range individually.
+ /// </summary>
+ /// <remarks>
+ /// This function assumes it is called from the background thread.
+ /// Modifications from the current sync number are ignored because the guest should not expect them to be available yet.
+ /// They will remain reserved, so that any data sync prioritizes the data in the GPU.
+ /// </remarks>
+ /// <param name="address">Start address to query</param>
+ /// <param name="size">Size to query</param>
+ public void WaitForAndFlushRanges(ulong address, ulong size)
+ {
+ ulong endAddress = address + size;
+ ulong currentSync = _context.SyncNumber;
+
+ int rangeCount = 0;
+
+ ref var overlaps = ref ThreadStaticArray<BufferModifiedRange>.Get();
+
+ // Range list must be consistent for this operation
+ lock (_lock)
+ {
+ if (_migrationTarget != null)
+ {
+ rangeCount = -1;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ rangeCount = FindOverlapsNonOverlapping(address, size, ref overlaps);
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (rangeCount == -1)
+ {
+ _migrationTarget.Destination.WaitForAndFlushRanges(address, size);
+
+ return;
+ }
+ else if (rangeCount == 0)
+ {
+ return;
+ }
+
+ // First, determine which syncpoint to wait on.
+ // This is the latest syncpoint that is not equal to the current sync.
+
+ long highestDiff = long.MinValue;
+
+ for (int i = 0; i < rangeCount; i++)
+ {
+ BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i];
+
+ long diff = (long)(overlap.SyncNumber - currentSync);
+
+ if (diff < 0 && diff > highestDiff)
+ {
+ highestDiff = diff;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (highestDiff == long.MinValue)
+ {
+ return;
+ }
+
+ // Wait for the syncpoint.
+ _context.Renderer.WaitSync(currentSync + (ulong)highestDiff);
+
+ RemoveRangesAndFlush(overlaps, rangeCount, highestDiff, currentSync, address, endAddress);
+ }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Inherit ranges from another modified range list.
+ /// </summary>
+ /// <param name="ranges">The range list to inherit from</param>
+ /// <param name="registerRangeAction">The action to call for each modified range</param>
+ public void InheritRanges(BufferModifiedRangeList ranges, Action<ulong, ulong> registerRangeAction)
+ {
+ BufferModifiedRange[] inheritRanges;
+
+ lock (ranges._lock)
+ {
+ BufferMigration migration = new(ranges._parent, ranges._flushAction, ranges, this, _context.SyncNumber);
+
+ ranges._parent.IncrementReferenceCount();
+ ranges._migrationTarget = migration;
+
+ _context.RegisterBufferMigration(migration);
+
+ inheritRanges = ranges.ToArray();
+
+ lock (_lock)
+ {
+ (_sources ??= new List<BufferMigration>()).Add(migration);
+
+ foreach (BufferModifiedRange range in inheritRanges)
+ {
+ Add(range);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ ulong currentSync = _context.SyncNumber;
+ foreach (BufferModifiedRange range in inheritRanges)
+ {
+ if (range.SyncNumber != currentSync)
+ {
+ registerRangeAction(range.Address, range.Size);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Removes a source buffer migration, indicating its copy has completed.
+ /// </summary>
+ /// <param name="migration">The migration to remove</param>
+ public void RemoveMigration(BufferMigration migration)
+ {
+ lock (_lock)
+ {
+ _sources.Remove(migration);
+ }
+ }
+
+ private void ClearPart(BufferModifiedRange overlap, ulong address, ulong endAddress)
+ {
+ Remove(overlap);
+
+ // If the overlap extends outside of the clear range, make sure those parts still exist.
+
+ if (overlap.Address < address)
+ {
+ Add(new BufferModifiedRange(overlap.Address, address - overlap.Address, overlap.SyncNumber, overlap.Parent));
+ }
+
+ if (overlap.EndAddress > endAddress)
+ {
+ Add(new BufferModifiedRange(endAddress, overlap.EndAddress - endAddress, overlap.SyncNumber, overlap.Parent));
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Clear modified ranges within the specified area.
+ /// </summary>
+ /// <param name="address">Start address to clear</param>
+ /// <param name="size">Size to clear</param>
+ public void Clear(ulong address, ulong size)
+ {
+ lock (_lock)
+ {
+ // This function can be called from any thread, so it cannot use the arrays for background or foreground.
+ BufferModifiedRange[] toClear = new BufferModifiedRange[1];
+
+ int rangeCount = FindOverlapsNonOverlapping(address, size, ref toClear);
+
+ ulong endAddress = address + size;
+
+ for (int i = 0; i < rangeCount; i++)
+ {
+ BufferModifiedRange overlap = toClear[i];
+
+ ClearPart(overlap, address, endAddress);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// <summary>
+ /// Clear all modified ranges.
+ /// </summary>
+ public void Clear()
+ {
+ lock (_lock)
+ {
+ Count = 0;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}